The Common Genetic Disorders Cystic Fibrosis - 2762 Words

Cystic fibrosis is one of the most common genetic disorders. Patients with cystic fibrosis have many serious medical conditions and the majority only live to their mid-thirties. I will be looking at many different aspects of the disease such as, phenotypes, genotypes, and inheritance patterns. Also how the disease is diagnosed, treated, and the prognosis of the disease. According to the American Lung Association, â€Å"Cystic fibrosis is the second most life shortening, inherited disorder occurring in childhood in the United States.† The first is sickle cell anemia. The following data was collected by the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. It is estimated that 30,000 Americans, 3,000 Canadians and 20,000 Europeans have cystic fibrosis. Also that 1 in every 20 Americans are carriers for this defective gene and are unaffected. This means you must receive the defective gene from both of your parents to have cystic fibrosis. Roughly 1 in every 3,700 children that are born here in the United States have this genetic disorder. It occurs equally in both males and females and it is most commonly seen in Caucasians who are of a Northern European descent and least commonly seen in Asian Americans. Up till the 1950’s most individuals with this disease did not live to go to elementary school, but today the average life span of cystic fibrosis patients is around thirty-nine years. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene is where mutations occur for this disease. The cysticShow MoreRelatedCystic Fibrosis : A Genetic Disorder1462 Words   |  6 PagesCystic Fibrosis (CF) Cystic Fibrosis affects 1 in every 2,500 children at birth. (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) Cystic Fibrosis, or CF, is a genetic disorder. A genetic disorder is inherited, and is contributed to by both parents. (lung.org) Each parent has one abnormal gene. (lung.org) Cystic Fibrosis is where the body can not make, or it makes an abnormal version of the CFTR protein. CFTR is also known as cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator. There are several symptoms, and causes of Cystic Fibrosis. TheseRead MoreGene Therapy : An Experimental Technique1415 Words   |  6 PagesCharacteristics are passed on to future generations through an organism’s DNA. But what happens when there is a genetic disorder that one would not want to pass on to their offspring? This is where the new technology of gene therapy may be able to help. Gene therapy is an experimental technique that involves altering genes within the body’s cells in order to prevent genetic disorders (Mayo Clinic, 2015). The objective of gene therapy is to edit a defective gene sequence in situ to achieve completeRead MoreA Study On Cystic Fibrosis1246 Words   |  5 PagesCystic Fibrosis Rhonda Abraham Maternal/Child Nursing March 20, 2015 Esha Osborne Cystic Fibrosis It was suggested by Bush (2012) that most of the genetic related diseases are the hardest to cure or have no cure at all. This is due to the fact that the DNA of the individuals cannot be altered easily by modern medicine and even the most innovative medical machines available. One of the diseases which is considered as a genetic disorder is the Cystic Fibrosis, also called as mucoviscidosis. ThisRead MoreCystic Fibrosis : A Life Threatening Genetic Disorder1150 Words   |  5 PagesCystic Fibrosis Cystic Fibrosis or CF is a life threatening genetic disorder that mainly affects the lungs and digestive system. Cystic Fibrosis is most common among the Caucasian population, particularly people of northwestern European descent and is less common in people of African ancestry and is very rare in people of Asian ancestry. According to the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, â€Å"an estimated 30,000 children and adults in the United States (70,000 worldwide) have CF† (Cystic Fibrosis FoundationRead MoreCharacteristics Of Cystic Fibrosis ( Cf )1180 Words   |  5 Pages000 new cases of Cystic Fibrosis (CF) are diagnosed each year in the United States. There are more than 30,000 patients, who are living with cystic fibrosis, in the States. It is a genetic disorder, which produce thick and sticky mucus in the lungs and digestive system. It is one of the most common life-threatening chronic lung disorders among children and young adults. In normal conditions, the mucus helps the body to prevent from the bacterial infection but in cystic fibrosis, the secreted mucusRead MoreWhat Are Cystic Fibrosis?1383 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is cystic fibrosis? Cystic fibrosis is a hereditary disease of the secretory glands that produce mucus and sweat. This is caused by mutations on chromosome 7 and can affects the lungs, pancreas, liver, intestines, sinus and sex organs of the patients. What are the symptoms of CF? The signs of cystic fibrosis varies from person to person. With this disease, some experience the severity of conditions at adolescence while others will not experience any symptoms until adulthood. The most prominentRead MoreCystic Fibrosis : A Common Fatal Recessive Genetic Disease1041 Words   |  5 Pages What is Cystic Fibrosis? Dr. Polit describes Cystic Fibrosis, also referred to as CF, the most common fatal recessive genetic disease among white people. It is a hereditary disorder, also known as mucoviscidosis, which disturbs the lungs, as well as the digestive system, by blockage due to the creation of abnormally thick mucus. According to the U.S. National Library of Medicine, â€Å"This abnormal mucus can clog the airways, leading to severe problems with breathing and bacterial infections inRead MoreCystic Fibrosis Research Paper1000 Words   |  4 PagesCystic Fibrosis Cystic Fibrosis, a very serious inherited genetic disease, is also known as CF and sixty-five roses. This disease affects one in every 3,000 live births. It may first appear in a newborn, but can appear all the way up until a young adult. However, ten percent of most cases are apparent at birth. CF affects the lungs and causes a build-up of abnormally thick mucus which leads to chest infections, and CF also affects the reproductive system. Doctors do not know what causes the mucusRead MoreCystic Fibrosis : An Autosomal Recessive Condition Of The Secretory Gland1410 Words   |  6 PagesThe Disease Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive condition of the secretory glands, which affects roughly 30,000 individuals in the United States alone (Cohen Prince, 2012, p. 509). This chronic genetic disorder of the sweat and mucous glands affects a number of different anatomical structures including the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, the exocrine pancreas, and the exocrine sweat glands. Cystic fibrosis results in the production of abnormally thick mucus which can detrimentallyRead MoreA Research Study On Cystic Fibrosis1307 Words   |  6 Pages Brief History Cystic Fibrosis was first recognized in 1938, as an individual disease or distinct entity, which basically means that the symptoms were not related to any other illness (Davis, 2006), but there was a common passage in the ‘Almanac of Children’s Songs and Games from Switzerland’, the passage read, ‘the child will soon die who’s brow tastes salty when kissed’, which hinted at the saltiness of the skin of infants who died might relate to Cystic Fibrosis. Autopsies were done in 1838 on

Speech Learning Mechanism - 810 Words

SLM (Flege, 1995, 2003) is based on the assumption that the speech learning mechanism remains intact across the life span. It predicts that adults retain the ability to acquire new phonetic categories in their L2, contrary to the notion of a â€Å"critical period† (Lenneberg, 1967; Penfield Roberts, 1959). However, the acquisition of L2 speech sounds depends on the perceived cross-language phonetic distance and the state of development of the L1; thus, in this view, the L1 acts as a template or filter at the early stages of L2 acquisition. A crucial assumption of SLM is that L1 and L2 phonetic subsystems are not fully separated and that L2 speech sounds may be judged to be instances of L1 speech sound categories. SLM attempts to explain how speech perception affects L2 phonological acquisition by distinguishing two kinds of sounds: â€Å"new† and â€Å"similar.† New sounds are those that are not identified with any L1 sound, while similar sounds are those percei ved to be the same as certain L1 sounds. In this view, a process of â€Å"equivalence classification† hinders or prevents the establishment of new phonetic categories for similar sounds. The L1 system becomes attuned to just those contrasts of the language that are meaningful in the L1, so the system becomes resistant to the addition of new categories. L1 and L2 sounds are posited to exist in a shared system. Therefore, SLM predicts that when a new phonetic category is established for an L2 sound that is close to an L1 sound,Show MoreRelatedPerhaps the foundational complex trait behind our uniqueness, human language is a phenotype800 Words   |  4 PagesFOXP2 gene, a hallmark of our language genotype, and its environmental mechanisms are illuminating this integral phenotype. While a phenotype as multifaceted as human language is certainly polygenic, FOXP2 is distinct in being linked to grammar. Because genes enabling cognitive faculties are often implicated in pathology, when the famous â€Å"KE† family displayed mutated alleles of FOXP2 resulting in dyspraxia, a motor speech disorder, it suggested that language deficiencies resulted from mutatedRead MoreInterlanguage Theory: Why It Makes or Doesn’t Make Sense1439 Words   |  6 Pagesor doesn’t make sense It is a well-attested fact that learners commit errors when learning a second language. Errors are in fact considered inevitable in any learning process. For a very long time different authors (Corder, 1967; Richards, 1971; Dulay and Burt, 1972, as cited in Taylor, 1975;) see those errors not only as deviations of the rules but also as important sources for studying the process of learning a target language. The learner’s mental process and rules adopted by them at differentRead MoreCharacteristics Of A First And Second Language : Behaviorism, Innatism And Social Interactionist Essay1641 Words   |  7 Pagesfifties of the twentieth century, it was widely believed that children learn their mother tongue by imitating and practicing the speech of their parents and people in their environment till it becomes a habit. Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner, the founders of this approach, argue that the language is learned behavior in a similar way to learning other behaviors and it done b y mechanisms of conditioning classical and operant. Classical conditioning is the relation between a natural response and stimulation,Read MoreThe Quality Of Language Input And Early Onset Effects On Linguistic And Sub Linguistic Mechanisms1398 Words   |  6 Pages The two previous studies exemplify that the quality of language input and early onset has significant effects on linguistic and sub-linguistic mechanisms. It calls into question whether input quality is predictive of later sign language skills in deaf education program settings. In spoken languages, the quality and quantity of language input is predictive of a child’s later linguistic abilities (Cartmill et al., 2013). However, most deaf children entering education have hearing parents, creatingRead MoreThe Theories Of Language Acquisition1707 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough interaction with the environment that the child is able to learn language (Skinner, 1957). Behaviorists emphasize the role of the environment while minimizing the role of maturation or biological forces. Much like the behaviorist approach to learning any other skill, this approach focuses on observable behavior rather than trying to assume the mental processes that occur (Skinner, 1957). This means that there is an emphasis on performance rather then language competence. According to this theoryRead MoreNeural Stack Essay1175 Words   |  5 PagesNeural stack is a type of data structure. Neural network helps in learning push and pull the neural network by using the back propagation. There are some of the pre-requisite of this understanding of neural network in general. It is better if we understand how neural networks will help to push the stack on sequences and pull off it in a reverse order. It is better to have a sequence to be pushed over 6 numbers by popping 6 times and pushing it over 6 times and reverse the list in correct sequenceRead MorePiaget vs. Vygotsky1120 Words   |  5 Pagesmight be in their development. Understanding cognitive development will better prepare the teacher when it comes to dealing with children and how to handle situations. The way children learn and mentally grow plays a central role in their learning process and abilities. When the teacher knows about the development of children then they can help with the development of each individual child on both the physical and emotional level. It will also allow the teacher to better relate to the childRead MoreEssay on Hypokinetic and Hyperkinetic Dysarthria1114 Words   |  5 PagesDysarthria and Hyperkinetic dysarthria are both neuromotor speech disorders. They are both associated with damage to the Basal Ganglia. In defining the word Hypokinetic, Hypo means â€Å"lack of† and kinetic means â€Å"movement†, forming the definition of a lack of movement. A person with Hypokinetic Dysarthria will show less movement, as seen throughout the speech musculature. In contrast Hyperkinetic Dysarthria means exc essive movements of the speech mechanism. While someone with Hyperkinetic dysarthria willRead MoreEssay on Personality and the ESL Student1286 Words   |  6 PagesHow can an extroverted or introverted personality in ELL and ESL students affect behavior, learning process and classroom environment? Extroversion versus Introversion the terms originated from psychologist Carl Jungs theory of personality. Jung saw the extrovert as directed toward the outside world and the introvert as directed toward the self or inside world. That is why, theoretically, introvert students are less involved in the classroom and extrovert students are more active. As I observedRead MoreInformative Speech793 Words   |  4 PagesA List of Informative Speech Topics: Pick Only Awesome Ideas! Just when you thing youre way past through the question How to write an essay?, another one comes. Thats the thing students desperately Google like What is a informative speech? – and, believe experts, this is something youll definitely need some professional help in. Informative speaking is a speech on completely new issue. Tell your audience something they have never known! Now that you know the answer to the question â€Å"What

Case Study about Business Model Of Emirates Airline

Question: Discuss about the Business Model of Emirates Airline. Answer: Introduction: The airline industry nowadays has become one of the most significant industries as they are supporting the internationalization and globalization objectives of many countries policies and the aims of the businesses all around the world. Thus as per this case even this automatically creates a pressure on the functions of airline companies. Like Emirates here also has to drive the company to increase a lot investments in various areas, do a lot of inventions and innovations to make sure that they able to satisfy their customers expectations by delivering the needed satisfaction. (Button, Taylor, 2000) "Emirates" which is situated in Dubai and started in United Arab Emirates by the administration in 1985 has its principle significant movement in the business air transportation and airlines. Emirates being one of the worlds quickest developing worldwide carrier and it has been becoming over the levels of 20%. (O'Connell, 2011) The development of Emirates' is on the vital choices as they need to reposition itself as a worldwide transporter and the key area of its center points in the International Airport of Dubai, which interfaces the east by the west, upheld that choice. (Emirates, 2011). Thus by taking such decisions they have been pursuing internationalization. They have been seeing that they can serve the travelers, who are coming from many parts of Asia and Australia, and they are having a hault in Dubai, and how they are majoring in it because all the competitors of Emirates will not be able to target all the countries and achieve internationalization as it requires a lot of costs. (Grimme, 2011) Emirates has been launching a very competitive marketing campaign, which is aiming for a great international campaign. They offer Direct flights from Lyon to Dubai. Catering to more than 130 destinations- this airlines Emirates having more competitive advantages and thus they are bale to create more value to customer through internationalization and diversified services. (Marello, 2015) Globalization in Emirates: Why Globalization in Emirates:show that how the dimension of spreading the base works in here.(Clemes, et. al, 2008) Also people from every part of the world are working in emirates airlines which show that there is a great integration in their company as far as the globalization factor is concerned. Due to few choices of airlines in UAE, Emirates have been doing a lot of globalization by making sure the world is connected through the globalized network of Emirates through Air. The emirates cargo is nowhere less in connecting the world. The event of the system between carriers needs an understanding that the main pushes for globalization or any sort domestic rivalry, or the obstructions to passage in outside business sectors, likewise the worth suggestion and making of shareholder quality among numerous different favorable circumstances to ensure that giants like Emirates to globalize. (Fu, et. al 2010) Emirates being one of the leading airline industries in the world They dont focus in a particular area but there supply goes almost everywhere. This directly relates to the dimension of connecting the world through the network of products and services. In the Emirates group, their progress is entrenched in the capability of their people to actually comprehend and understand how the whole world fits together. Thus its not about their customers or the industry targeted but also how they think about the other factors while globalizing like the global economics and trade and polity of other countries which actually effect their thinking a lot while flourishing a lot. Some call it helps them now, some say it will help them later. But the kind of globalization dimensions they take care of is great. Key drivers for market globalization: The fleets which are young and big in terms of well- bodied fleets which help them cover a lot of distances in terms of the locations and a lot more. They have been covering a lot of locations in Asia, Europe and a lot more which makes them have their key drivers of globalization. (Emirates, 2010) The location advantage is so major that Dubai being the central location is such a great major location as it takes so less time to reach anywhere from Dubai. It decreases the operation time and even costs for the customers as well to travel through Emirates from any part of the world at comparatively low costs. This is all because of their stations which are based in and around UAE and thus it makes them have a competitive advantage. And even spread in the world by having so many major drivers for globalization. (Brtzel, 2006). Negative consequences of Globalization: The open sky model in international airline markets might have a number of opposing effects on the competence of supply and, also at the level of befits which can be gained by the customers. All the levels of benefits- it can actually go on the reverse track. These effects are not easy to isolate and actually got to more competition and other adverse advantages of being so globalized. The potential charge and yield ramifications of the different sorts of administrative administrations that have been basic in the past and are progressively rising as globalization is taking place. Globalization included expanded financial action, and this thusly prompts the requirement for more local transport as a component of the develop esteem chain. In nations with a little land mass quite a bit of this extra transport is given by surface modes that appreciate a similar preferred standpoint over shorter separations, albeit unfriendly landscape may give a near favorable position to air transport in a few connections. In the short-pull advertise, the development of minimal effort, or "no nonsense" bearers. Emirates- working either indicate direct administrations associated toward a transport administration (with extension and scale economies originating from producing high load-elements by consolidating a progression of short portions) or outspread administrations (with the carrier working an arrangement of courses from an air terminal however not giving online associations) has affected antagonistically on the feasibility of center hub and spoke models on which mostly all airlines work. References O'Connell, J. (2011). The rise of the Arabian Gulf carriers: An insight into the business model of Emirates Airline. Journal of Air Transport Management, 17, 339-346. Emirates. (2011). Aviation at the crossroads: Safeguarding competition and consumer choice. Retrieved December 29, 2011, from https://www.emirates.com/english/images/Aviation_at_the_Crossroads_Aug11%5B1%5D_t cm233-713620.pdf Brtzel, C. (2006). The Impact of Emirate's Growth Strategy on the Europe-Asia Market - the View from Europe, to Airneth conference "The Impact of the Expansion of Dubai International Airport and Emirates on International Airline Competition". Amsterdam, 7th April 2006. Retrieved 07 05, 2011, from https://www.bruetzel.com/BRUETZELAMS2006.pdf Clemes M., Gan C., Kao T., Choong M.; 2008. An empirical analysis of customer satisfaction in international air travel. Available from: https://businessperspectives.org/journals_free/im/2008/IM_en_2008_2_Clemes.pdf [Accessed 28 August, 2016] Emirates, 2010 Tearing down the other wall. Available from: https://content.emirates.com/downloads/ek/pdfs/int_gov_affairs/Tearing-down-to-theother-wall.pdf [Accessed 10 September] Jones R., 2011. Lufthansa steps up fighting to bar Emirates from Berlin. Available from: https://www.thenational.ae/business/aviation/lufthansa-steps-up-fight-to-baremirates-from-berlin [Accessed 26 March 2015] Marello P., 2015 Emirates is the most valuable brand in the World Available from: https://www.routesonline.com/news/29/breaking-news/247290/emirates-is-the-mostvaluable-airline-brand-in-the-world/ [Accessed 20 February 2015] Fu, X, Oum, T. Zhang, A. (2010), Air Transport Liberalisation and Its Impacts on Airline Competition and Air Passenger Traffic, in: Transportation Journal, Vol. 49 Iss. 4 (2010), 24-41. Grimme, W. (2011) The growth of Arabian airlines from a German perspective A study of the impacts of new air services to Asia, Journal of Air Transport Management 17 (2011), 333-338 Button, K, Taylor, S. (2000) International air transportation and economic development, in: Journal of Air Transport Management 6 (2000), 209-222.

South West Airlines Analysis

Introduction All business organizations operate in a dynamic environment that keeps on changing from time to time. This environment refers to all the elements that exist either outside or within the organization that affect the organization both positively and negatively.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on South West Airlines Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, for an organization to ensure its continued survival, it has to adapt accordingly to these changes. Failure to which, it risks collapse. This paper, therefore, seeks to analyze ways in which an organization can implement changes so as to ensure its survival. Southwest airlines will be used as a case study for better understanding. Changes That Could Occur Every business, irrespective of the industry in which it operates, faces the risk of change in the business environmental conditions. Some of these changes may be due to; changes in technology, political instability, terrorist threats, natural disasters, rising prices of energy, changes in consumer preferences, increased costs of production and many more. However, since this case study is in the airline industry, only a number of those mentioned above will be applicable. Southwest Airlines is a renowned airline in Dallas which, due to the recent upheaval in the business environment, has had to come up with measures to ensure that it remains in business. It is one of the few businesses that have managed to make profits despite the constant changes (Kathleen, 2008). Before going into detail, it is critical to analyze the problems that the airline industry encountered as a whole. Being an industry that heavily relies on energy, it is, therefore, normal that the fluctuating prices in energy, specifically oil, will be a significant set back. Fluctuating oil prices have been an enormous headache to the economy as a whole. In the airline industry, a rise in oil price s means a subsequent rise in fuel prices. Airlines are, therefore, forced to transfer these increasing costs to passengers through increased air fare. As a result of this vicious cycle, airlines have been experiencing low demand for their services hence reduced revenues as compared to increased unit costs. Another significant problem has been the rising inflation rates which have led to a general and persistent increase in the prices of labor, airport cost and maintenance costs. The current weather conditions have also been a dominant problem. It has led to losses in revenue in the airline industry due to cancellations in flights emanating from poor visibility. Others include increased competition within the industry and rising unit costs.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Measures Taken by Southwest Airlines With this in mind, we shall now concentrate on the measures that southwest airlines have taken so as to ensure continued growth, profitability and customer satisfaction. One of the effective measures taken that has seen Southwest Airlines emerge as one of the most profitable firms in the United States is the low air fares that it offers compared to its competitors. Southwest Airlines, unlike its competitors, chose to stick to charging lower rates despite the low demand of airline services by customers without compromising the quality of services offered. By using this strategy, it aimed at increasing the number of people who chose to fly with the airline despite the reduced demand. This has seen them increase their revenues as more people opt to fly with them especially in these hard economic times as opposed to their competitors (Kathleen, 2008). To ensure its survival and its continued market dominance, Southwest airlines also introduced new products, which included the â€Å"early bird check in†, and a package that allowed passeng ers to travel with their pets at an affordable rate. The â€Å"early bird check in† gives passengers the luxury of checking-in in advance. These new products have contributed to increased revenues, due to an increase in the number of passengers using the airline as it has given them an edge over other airlines. To deal with the increasing rise in costs, the airline, instead of downsizing in the normal way, the airline has come up with a plan that gives the employees an option to retire earlier than they are required by law. This move has worked to their advantage as a number of employees have welcomed this plan. This has enabled the company to reduce the number of employees to a reasonable size without causing any conflict between senior management and lower level employees. This has also ensured that the employees remain loyal and highly motivated towards their work (Hewlett, 2006). The airline, in these turbulent business environmental conditions, has given great importance to financial management. It has done this by ensuring that it maintains healthy cash balances by constantly looking at a new way to generate revenue. It has also resorted to selling and leasing some of its aircrafts as a way of raising more money to cater for the rising unit costs. The airline is also keen on maintaining a minimum level of debt so as to reduce chances of insolvency. Due to the ever changing consumer behavior and preferences, the airline has introduced a range of new products so as to enhance customer loyalty and attract new customers. Some of these products were mentioned above.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on South West Airlines Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They include the â€Å"early bird check in†, the package that allows passengers to travel with pets, and an internet package that allows passengers to browse while on board, a Wi-Fi enabled aircraft and not char ging the passengers for their luggage. This has seen an increased market share and has warded off some of competition from other airlines (Hall, 2008). In these turbulent business environmental conditions, the airline recognizes that it does not have enough capital at its disposal and has, therefore, taken to postponing the expansion of the airline. It has instead identified the unprofitable areas in the business and ceased their operations with the aim of transferring this man power to areas that are more profitable. This has led to a significant increase in the airline’s revenues. It should, however, be noted that there are certain elements that are beyond an organization’s control. In our case, they include; natural disasters, unfavorable weather, for example, the recent case of snow which has seen many airlines cancel their flights and lose billions of dollars in revenues, and political instability (Yilmaz, 2008). Kotter’s Eight Step Change Model One can use Kotter’s eight step change model to describe the changes that have been implemented by the airline. Kotter’s model recommends that the first step to change is dependent on the top management identifying the need for change and subsequently creating pressure and urgency for the change to occur. With respect to this, it is clear that the management of the airline identified the current turbulent business environment conditions and quickly created the urgency and need for change as they realized that change was necessary if they were to thrive in the airline industry. The second step in this model is to educate and communicate the need for change to other subordinate employees so as to minimize chances of resistance in the implementation stage (Global Literacy Foundation, 2010). Based on the successes of the strategies that the airline implemented, it can therefore be said that they successfully carried out the second step of Kotter’s model of change. Kotter then goes on to give the third step as generating ideas or coming up with a vision. This idea or vision could be a model or a concept that could be implemented by the organization. In the case of the airline, the changes that were implemented in the end were the ideas that were generated in this step (Global Literacy Foundation, 2010). Some of them include; the introduction of new products by the airline, sticking to their low air fares policy, coming up with the voluntary early retirement policy and many more.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The fourth step is communicating the ideas to every one in the organization to allow for debating and also to ensure that everyone in the organization is involved and catered for so as to avoid future resistance especially in the implementation stages. Still, given the success of the changes that were implemented by the airline, it can be safely assumed that this step was also carried out successfully (Hewlett, 2006). The fifth step, according to Kotter involves eliminating the objects or the people who are resisting the change. This can be done through educating the people who are resisting the change and allowing them to air their grievances. The organization should also ensure that the leaders in charge of supervising are qualified for the jobs. This step still falls in the planning stages of Kotter’s model for change and, therefore, we can only assume that it was a success for the airline given that they were able to see their visions and ideas to the end. The sixth step according to Kotter is to create short term goals which are achievable. It should be noted that it is of vital importance for these short term goals to be achieved by the organization. Failure to achieve these goals will only prove the critics and the people resistant to the change right. This will in turn make it very difficult for the organization to progress with its plans hence making it vulnerable to failure. It is also a very important step as the achievement of short term goals motivates the employees of the organization (Hall, 2008). Southwest Airlines in light of this ensured that they put in place short term goals. These goals were in the form of quarterly reports, which were supposed to show the airline’s progress in terms of it financial position, its market share, its efficiency in managing its finances and whether its aim to reduce capital spending had been achieved. The seventh step entails seeking to improve the changes already realized through the short term goals. This plays a key role of ensuring that the organization remains keen on continued growth and improvement. Using the Southwest Airlines as an example, it can be seen that the airline did not stop at the successes that were achieved as shown by their quarter year reports. They went the extra mile and looked for more ways in which they could improve the changes already implemented. They did this by looking for more products that they could offer the passengers, more ways of raising more capital that they could use for other profitable ventures (Yilmaz, 2008). The last step according to Kotter’s model is reinforcing and implementing the change into the organization. It is the responsibility of management to ensure that the changes are accepted and internalized by everyone in the organization. This step requires the change to be introduced on a large scale level, with the result being its absorption into all parts of the organization. In addition to the reinforcement, there should be a regular follow up of the changes that have been implemented, so as to ensure that things continue to run smoothly and also to provide room for improvement. Using the Southwest Airlines as an example, it can be noted that these changes were reinforced and they became a part of the airline. Some of these changes have largely contributed to the airline’s success (Yilmaz, 2008). It can be seen that the airline made the strategy for charging low air fares a part of it and the airline even became popular because of this. In addition, it adapted a plan that gave its employee the option of leaving employment voluntarily even before they had reached the proper retirement age. This brought about a culture of respect among the employees and management. The new products that were introduced by the Southwest Airlines for example â€Å"the early bird check in†, the package that allowed passengers to travel with pets and the package that made it possible for passengers t o access the internet also became a part of the organization. The importance that the Southwest airlines attached to proper financial management also became a part of the organization (Hewlett, 2006). The Effectiveness of the Changes Implemented by the Southwest Airlines Every organization is always faced with a dilemma when it comes to change. This is because of the uncertainties that change brings with it. However from the above analysis, it is evident that for an organization to survive in the current turbulent times, change is inevitable. The effectiveness of the changes implemented by the Southwest Airlines can be seen in their annual reports. The airline’s returns have greatly improved despite the current poor economic conditions. The company recorded losses in the first quarter. However, the airline was able to turn this around and report profits unlike it competitors. The effectiveness of these changes can also be seen as passengers have increasingly become more loyal to the airline compared to others. The airline has also recorded an increase in new passengers who now prefer the airline as opposed to other airlines (Hall, 2008). Southwest airlines have also experienced a reduction in operating costs due to the measures that it put in place to curb the rising costs of operation for example the postponement of expanding the airline, introducing a voluntary retirement scheme for the employees, and looking for different ways to deal with the rising energy costs. Due to its insistence on the need for proper financial management, the airline has been able to maintain very low levels of debts hence eliminating the possibility of insolvency. It has also been able to find new and innovative ways to improve its liquidity position. Therefore, when all is said and done, the changes that the Southwest Airlines implemented have been more effective than disadvantageous (Kathleen, 2008). References Global Literacy Foundation. (2010). Kotter’s 8-Step Cha nge Model. Web. Hall, A. (2008). Organizational Pay Analysis: A Case Study of Southwest Airlines. Web. Hewlett, R. (2006). The Cognitive leader. London: Rowman Littlefield Pub Inc. Kathleen, B. H. (2008). From Analyst to Leader: Elevating the Role of the Business Analyst Management Concepts. London: Free Press. Yilmaz, A.K. (2008). The Corporate Sustainability Model for Airline Business. Web. This research paper on South West Airlines Analysis was written and submitted by user Bryce Wheeler to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.